Building Future Electrical Grid Around Hydropower

Although New Zealand and Washington are located a half-a-world apart, they have lots in common---beautiful seashores, majestic mountains, crystal clear streams and lakes, and vibrant salmon and trout fisheries.

Both are struggling to rid their air sheds of CO2 and other greenhouse gases coming from the burning of carbon fuels (coal, natural gas, gasoline, and diesel) in vehicles, home heating and electric-power generation.

New Zealand and Washington share a common goal to be carbon-neutral by 2050.

The good news is both are endowed with lots of hydropower. In 2023, Washington has an abundance of water for power generation. Even though northern New Zealand was recently slammed by heavy rains and Cyclone Gabrielle, its hydro system weathered the storms.

Renewable, greenhouse gas-free power facilities account for over 80 percent of their electricity with the vast majority generated by falling water. While each produce wind and solar energy, New Zealand receives 17 percent from geothermal wells, and Washington’s nuclear energy plant at Hanford provides 7 percent of our state’s electricity.

As both struggles to rid themselves of natural gas and coal power plants; and, gas and diesel propelled vehicles, the demand for electricity keeps accelerating. While Washington and New Zealand are pushing hard to expand wind and solar farms, those sources are intermittent and depend upon daylight and wind and require lots of land.

Battery storage technology is rapidly advancing, but the bottom line is wind and solar need to be augmented with hydro, nuclear, natural gas, and coal.

The greatest demand for additional electricity comes from electric vehicles (EVs). Plug-in hybrid and EVs accounted for more than 1 in 10 vehicle registrations in 2020, up from 1 in 30 in 2019. The International Energy Agency predicts that by 2030, there will be 125 million electric vehicles worldwide and many governments want every car and van to be zero emission by 2050.

The switch from gas-powered to EVs also puts a strain on the environment.

For every car on our roads to be zero emission by 2050, it will require nearly double the current total of annual world cobalt production, a 75 percent increase of the lithium output, and at least a 50 percent spike in the world’s copper mining and smelting.

Currently, EVs rely on lithium and cobalt batteries to run, which will undoubtedly be better for the environment than carbon.

“However, the mining of cobalt is fraught with political issues. 60 percent of cobalt comes from the Dominican Republic of Congo where children as young as 7 years old are mining it. The mining process also causes terrible pollution in local rivers,” Renewable Energy World (REW) reported last month.

“Lithium deposits are also located near some of the most sensitive ecosystems in the world – The Amur River, on the border of Russia and China, the Andes Mountains (Chile) and the Salt Flats in Bolivia. Deforestation, water shortages and toxic leaks are unfortunately a devastating consequence of lithium mining,” REW added.

As Washington and New Zealand push to significantly reduce CO2 and achieve carbon-neutrality, they must do three things.

First, they need to continue to modernize and improve hydro and nuclear power to make both more efficient and productive, safer, and more environmentally friendly.

Second, they must not eliminate carbon-based fuels such as natural gas, coal, and biomass without suitable reliable and proven replacements. Rather, they need to continue to improve the efficiency of those plants and invest in research and development to further reduce pollutants.

Finally, the strategy must be diversifying energy sources to ensure that if one system goes down, there are replacements immediately available. Natural disasters such as cyclones, droughts and severe cold and hot spells prove that.

–– Don C. Brunell is a business analyst, writer, and columnist. He can be contacted at [email protected].